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Unfolding the Universe: A Personal Inquiry into Space, Time, and the End of Everything

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There was a moment recently when I was flipping through my IB Chemistry book, just going back to basics for a bit of revision, when I came across something we all learn early on: atoms can neither be created nor destroyed . That line stopped me in my tracks. It felt so final. So absolute. But then I thought, wait—if they can’t be created or destroyed, where did they even come from in the first place? That one thought opened a whole door in my mind. If atoms are always there, or at least the energy that forms them is always there, then what did the Big Bang actually do? Did it create matter? No—it couldn’t have, right? So maybe it didn’t create matter or energy. Maybe it just spread it out . That was the first moment I began to rethink what cosmic expansion might actually mean. Where Does Matter Go When the Universe Expands? Cosmic expansion is a well-accepted idea, especially following the discovery that galaxies are moving away from each other. Scientists say that space itself is expa...
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Designing the Future

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   🧬 Designing the Future: Superhuman Biology and the Limits of Perception What if we could code life the way we code software? What if we could build new organisms—cell by cell, gene by gene—by simply writing out a string of nucleotides and feeding it into a machine? Lately, I've been thinking deeply about the idea of  coding life  from scratch. I don’t mean inserting one gene into a plasmid and calling it a GMO. I mean  literally writing out a whole genome —ATGC by ATGC—assembling regulatory regions, coding sequences, non-coding DNA, and everything else a cell would need to become alive and self-sustaining. And then giving that blueprint to a system—an automated platform that synthesizes the DNA, inserts it into an empty cell, incubates it, and  grows life from instructions . That’s not science fiction. It’s where synthetic biology is heading. And it's only the beginning. The Dream: A Mission-Control for Life Imagine this: You enter a digital platform—so...
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COVID-19 vaccines and how they boost immunity

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One of the fastest vaccines to be ever developed was for the COVID 19 virus, and along, a-raised a lot of fabricated deception. There are a lot of people around world dying due to COVID 19, mainly because of the fear to take the vaccines. It is very important to understand the working of these vaccines.  So without any delay let's first understand how many vaccines are there and how they function to boost immunity.  The below is the list of the currently authorised vaccines used for COVID 19 and their vaccine type. To know about the vaccines and types refer to the previous article on  Vaccines and their functioning.  Comirnaty (mRNA based vaccine) Moderna COVID 19 (mRNA based vaccine)  Covishield (Adenovirus vaccine)   Sputnik (Recombinant adenovirus vaccine) COVID 19 vaccine Janssen (non-replicating viral vector) CoronaVac (Inactivated vaccine) BBIBP-CorV (Inactivated vaccine) EpiVacCorona (Peptide / Subunit Vaccine) Convidicea (Recombinant vaccine fr...
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Vaccines and their functioning

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A vaccine is a biological substance designed to boost immunity against an infection caused by bacterias and viruses. These vaccines function by training the immune system to a particular infection. To dwell further we should know the basics of how the immune system functions (for more details refer to the previous article on "The production of antibodies and their roles"). The immune system relies on immune cells called the lymphocytes; they produce the chemical substance known as antibodies along with a memory cell. These secreted antibodies are used to fight against the foreign invaders by attaching to the antigen of the pathogen. This antigen is the active part of the pathogen causing infections. The binding of the antigens and the antibodies suggest how the body fights the infection. With the case of vaccines the same antigen is injected into the body to create defences against specific diseases before you even get them. The simple concept of the working of the vaccines i...
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The production of antibodies and their roles

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  Antibodies are the defending soldiers of the immune system. In the context of biological science they are identified to be the Y - shaped protein structures that fight against the pathogens (foreign invaders). These biochemical protein structures are produced by a specific group of immune cells called the lymphocytes. The two types of lymphocytes associated with the production of antibodies are called the Helper T-cells and the B-cells. Before moving further, we should know that the defensive fight between the pathogen and antibodies occurs based on the chemical interaction between the protein structures on the surface. This binding surface protein is known as the active site. The particular name for an active site of a pathogen is known as an antigen.  When a pathogen enters the bloodstream it is consumed by a macrophage. This macrophage is another immune cell called the phagocyte, it functions to engulf the pathogen and digest some parts of its body. As the process of...
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How does the immune system work?

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Most of us would have come across the immune system in our bodies but do we know where exactly its located? Or the fact of how it functions ? Well digging from the basic, what does the term 'immune' stand for? It is an action of resisting or protecting a system against a counter effect, which in the case of the human body refers to the defence mechanism against outside invaders (like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and toxins produced by microbes).  Now that we know the immune system corresponds to the defence mechanism of the human body where do you think it could be located? It is known that only a group of organs functioning together can make a system, so what are the organs making up the immune system? Some of the major organs that we should know to understand the working of the immune system are  the bone marrow, the thymus, the spleen, the lymphatic vessels and nodes and so. How does these organs help with defence should be the next question, where the answer is the production...
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Where does viruses come from

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In the recent days VIRUS is a very common term used across the globe, but do we know what they are and where the come from?  Well, on a brief note viruses are biomolecules that lives or tends to activate only when present inside a living host. This means they are non living entities that develop a living symbiotic relation when present within a living organism. In simple term viruses are identified to be an incomplete cell or a combination of protein structures that lack the full potential of sustaining life. From this it can be stated that a virus body could have been a previously lived organism, or a degenerated cell structure. Thereby suggesting these structure to be a little or far related to an existing organism.  And hence leads to various hypothesis on its origin to classify the diverse group of viruses. Some of the very common classification of viruses are based on its morphological structures, and its genetic material type (DNA or RNA). The figure below depicts the hi...
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